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  1. Home
  2. Essential Climate Variables
  3. Upper-air Temperature

 

Upper-air Temperature

Temperature is one of the fundamental state variables for understanding and predicting the behaviour of the atmosphere. It is basic to the energy budget of the climate system as a whole through the temperature dependence of the long-wave radiation of energy from the atmosphere to space. Upper-air observations are of key importance for detecting and attributing climate change in the troposphere and stratosphere because the warming of the troposphere and the cooling of the stratosphere are unique fingerprints of anthropogenic GHG. They are needed for the development and evaluation of climate models, and for the initialization of medium term and seasonal forecasts.

  Domain: Atmosphere
  Subdomain: Surface
  Scientific Area: Energy and Temperature
  ECV Steward:  
  Products:  Atmospheric Temperature in the Boundary Layer, in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, in the Free Troposphere, in the Middle and Upper Stratosphere, in the Mesophere

 


Global Upper-air Temperature

Figure: Zonal mean atmospheric temperature change from 1890 to 1999 (°C per century) as simulated by the PCM model as sum of solar forcing, volcanoes, well-mixed greenhouse gases, tropospheric and stratospheric ozone changes, direct sulphate and aerosol forcing. Plot is from 1,000 hPa to 10 hPa (shown on left scale) and from 0 km to 30 km (shown on right).

Source : Adapted from Figure 9.1,IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.

 


ECV Products and Requirements

These products and requirements reflect the Implementation Plan 2022 (GCOS-244).

The requirements are found in the complete 2022 ECVs Requirements document as well: ECV Upper-air Temperature.

Products Atmospheric Temperature in the 
    Boundary Layer Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere     Free Troposphere Middle and Upper Stratosphere Mesosphere
  (*) Unit Values Values   Unit Values Values Values
Horizontal Resolution G km 15 15   km 15 50 50
B 100 100   100 100 100
T 500 500   1000 1500 1500
Vertical Resolution G m 1 25   km 0.01 0.5 0.5
B 10 100   0.1 1 1
T 100 250   1 3 3
Temporal Resolution G h <1 1   h 1 1 1
B 6 12   12 12 12
T 12 24   24 24 24
Timeliness G h 1 1   h 1 1 1
B 3 3   3 3 3
T 24 6   6 6 6
Required Measurement Uncertainty (2-sigma) G K 0.1 0.1   K 0.1 0.1 0.1
B 0.5 0.5   0.5 0.5 0.5
T 1 1   1 1 1
Stability G K/decade 0.01 0.01   K/decade 0.01 0.05 0.05
B 0.05 0.02   0.02 0.1 0.1
T 0.1 0.05   0.05 0.2 0.2

 

(*) Goal (G): an ideal requirement above which further improvements are not necessary. Breakthrough (B): an intermediate level between threshold and goal which, if achieved, would result in a significant improvement for the targeted application. The breakthrough value may also indicate the level at which specified uses within climate monitoring become possible. It may be appropriate to have different breakthrough values for different uses. Threshold (T): the minimum requirement to be met to ensure that data are useful


Data Sources

This list provides sources for openly accessible data sets with worldwide coverage for which metadata is available. It is curated by the respective GCOS ECV Steward(s). The list does not claim to be complete. Anyone with a suitable dataset who wishes it to be added to this list should contact the GCOS Secretariat.

Gridded In Situ:

  • RAOBCORE/RICH

http://www.univie.ac.at/theoret-met/research/raobcore/

  • IUK Radiosonde Analysis Project

http://web.science.unsw.edu.au/~stevensherwood/radproj/index.html


In Situ:

  • Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA)

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/weather-balloon/integrated-global…

  • GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN)

https://www.gruan.org/

  • Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) 2

https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/weather-balloon/radiosonde-atmosp…


Reanalysis:

  • REANALYSES.ORG (Inventory for Reanalysis)

http://reanalyses.org


Satellite:

  • Satellite ECV Inventory by the CEOS/CGMS Working Group on Climate (WGClimate)

http://climatemonitoring.info/ecvinventory

 

EU Copernicus

 

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